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Subglacial lakes in Antarctica - surface elevation data
( Оценка ) от ( 1 отзив )| Екология на английски |
The surface elevation data used for this study come from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) aboard NASA’s ICESat. Processed ICESat data provide surface elevation profiles along ground tracks that repeatedly survey the same set of reference tracks two to three times per year, giving elevations for 30–70m footprints every 170m along track, with a spacing between adjacent reference tracks of ~30km in the northernmost parts of Antarctica to near zero at the 868 S turning latitude. The reference tracks are repeated with an accuracy of ~150 m, and the horizontal location of the ICESat footprints is estimated with an accuracy of ~10 m.
Over ice sheets, ICESat data are provided as GLA12 records (H.J. Zwally and others, http://nsidc.org/data/gla12.html), which include the latitude, longitude and elevation of each geolocated footprint, as well as a set of parameters that describe characteristics of the returned pulse and the processing used to derive the elevations. These data were acquired during 13 separate campaigns, between August 2003 and March 2008, each lasting approximately 1 month (Table 1). Low transmitted laser power degraded the data for the June 2004 (2c) campaign, and those data are not used in this study.
ICESat data need to be culled to remove surface-return data that are acquired when clouds are present between the satellite and the surface, because these reduce the accuracy of the derived surface elevations. Various methods have been adopted to do this, including a simple gain/energy filter (Fricker and Padman, 2006) and the introduction of a multiple scattering warning flag in the GLA12 records. We have developed an algorithm that culls the data based on the return waveform characteristics to remove cloudaffected data and to reduce the scatter in surface returns (Smith and others, 2005).
We use two main parameters as criteria to assess data quality: (1) the apparent surface reflectivity, and (2) the misfit between the received waveform and the Gaussian model fit to the waveform that is used by the ICESat processing algorithm to estimate the surface elevation. Our requirement is that the apparent reflectivity is >0.1, and the waveform misfit is <0.035V. This gives a median absolute crossover difference of 0.05m for flat surfaces, while retaining about 85% of all returns. Under the assumption that the individual shot errors are Gaussian-distributed, this implies a single-shot accuracy of ~0.075m for flat surfaces. For slopes greater than about 0.38, the crossover errors increase approximately linearly with the magnitude of the surface slope, reaching 0.2m for 18 slopes.
As a result, because surface slopes on the Antarctic ice sheet are generally <0.58, we expect that most errors are <0.1 m. Because cloud conditions are spatially correlated, data tend to be culled for long segments of arepeat pass, rather than one shot at a time. After data culling, for a given location on a reference track, up to 12 repeat measurements may be available.
source: http://www.igsoc.org/journal
